11. REFERENCES

1.Masson-Lecomte, A., et al. EAU Guidelines on Urothelial Carcinomas of the Upper Urinary Tract. 2026. Edn. presented at the 41st EAU Annual Congress London 2026.
https://uroweb.org/guidelines/upper-urinary-tract-urothelial-cell-carcinoma

2.van der Heijden, A.G., et al. EAU Guidelines on Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer. 2026. Edn. presented at the 41st EAU Annual Congress London 2026.
https://uroweb.org/guidelines/muscle-invasive-and-metastatic-bladder-cancer

3.Neuzillet, Y., et al. EAU Guidelines on Primary Urethral Carcinoma. 2026. Edn. presented at the 41st EAU Annual Congress London 2026.
https://uroweb.org/guidelines/primary-urethral-carcinoma

4.Phillips, B. Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine Levels of Evidence. Updated by Jeremy Howick March 2009.
https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidencemarch-2009/

5.Guyatt, G.H., et al. Going from evidence to recommendations. BMJ, 2008. 336: 1049.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18467413

6.International Agency for Research on Cancer. Estimated number of new cases in 2022, worldwide, both sexes, all ages. World Health Organization. 2022.
https://gco.iarc.fr/today/en/fact-sheets-cancers

7.Burger, M., et al. Epidemiology and risk factors of urothelial bladder cancer. Eur Urol, 2013. 63: 234.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22877502

8.Teoh, J.Y., et al. Global Trends of Bladder Cancer Incidence and Mortality, and Their Associations with Tobacco Use and Gross Domestic Product Per Capita. Eur Urol, 2020. 78: 893.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32972792

9.Comperat, E., et al. Clinicopathological characteristics of urothelial bladder cancer in patients less than 40 years old. Virchows Arch, 2015. 466: 589.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25697540

10.Freedman, N.D., et al. Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women. JAMA, 2011. 306: 737.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21846855

11.Laaksonen, M.A., et al. The future burden of kidney and bladder cancers preventable by behavior modification in Australia: A pooled cohort study. Int J Cancer, 2020. 146: 874.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31107541

12.Jubber, I., et al. Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer in 2023: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors. Eur Urol, 2023. 84: 176.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37198015

13.van Osch, F.H., et al. Quantified relations between exposure to tobacco smoking and bladder cancer risk: a meta-analysis of 89 observational studies. Int J Epidemiol, 2016. 45: 857.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27097748

14.Bjurlin, M.A., et al. Carcinogen Biomarkers in the Urine of Electronic Cigarette Users and Implications for the Development of Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021. 4: 766.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32192941

15.Larsson, S.C., et al. Genome-wide association study and Mendelian randomization analyses reveal insights into bladder cancer etiology. JNCI Cancer Spectr, 2025. 9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39898788

16.Colt, J.S., et al. A case-control study of occupational exposure to metalworking fluids and bladder cancer risk among men. Occup Environ Med, 2014. 71: 667.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201311

17.Pesch, B., et al. Screening for bladder cancer with urinary tumor markers in chemical workers with exposure to aromatic amines. Int Arch Occup Environ Health, 2014. 87: 715.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24129706

18.Koutros, S., et al. Diesel exhaust and bladder cancer risk by pathologic stage and grade subtypes. Environ Int, 2020. 135: 105346.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31864026

19.Kayyal-Tarabeia, I., et al. Residence near industrial complex and cancer incidence: A registry-based cohort of 1,022,637 participants with a follow-up of 21 years, Israel. Environ Res, 2023. 216: 114471.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36208787

20.Egbers, L., et al. The prognostic value of family history among patients with urinary bladder cancer. Int J Cancer, 2015. 136: 1117.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24978702

21.Kim, H.J., et al. Familial Risk and Interaction With Smoking and Alcohol Consumption in Bladder Cancer: A Population-Based Cohort Study. World J Oncol, 2023. 14: 382.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37869241

22.van der Post, R.S., et al. Risk of urothelial bladder cancer in Lynch syndrome is increased, in particular among MSH2 mutation carriers. J Med Genet, 2010. 47: 464.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20591884

23.Corral, R., et al. Comprehensive analyses of DNA repair pathways, smoking and bladder cancer risk in Los Angeles and Shanghai. Int J Cancer, 2014. 135: 335.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24382701

24.Figueroa, J.D., et al. Identification of a novel susceptibility locus at 13q34 and refinement of the 20p12.2 region as a multi-signal locus associated with bladder cancer risk in individuals of European ancestry. Hum Mol Genet, 2016. 25: 1203.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26732427

25.Zhong, J.H., et al. Association between APE1 Asp148Glu polymorphism and the risk of urinary cancers: a meta-analysis of 18 case-control studies. Onco Targets Ther, 2016. 9: 1499.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27042118

26.Al-Zalabani, A.H., et al. Modifiable risk factors for the prevention of bladder cancer: a systematic review of meta-analyses. Eur J Epidemiol, 2016. 31: 811.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27000312

27.Wu, J., et al. A Functional rs353293 Polymorphism in the Promoter of miR-143/145 Is Associated with a Reduced Risk of Bladder Cancer. PLoS One, 2016. 11: e0159115.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27438131

28.Martin, C., et al. Familial Cancer Clustering in Urothelial Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2018. 110: 527.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29228305

29.Yu, E.Y., et al. Family History and Risk of Bladder Cancer: An Analysis Accounting for First- and Second-degree Relatives. Cancer Prev Res (Phila), 2022. 15: 319.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35027464

30.Lenfant, L., et al. Genetic variability in 13q33 and 9q34 is linked to aggressiveness patterns and a higher risk of progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer at the time of diagnosis. BJU Int, 2021. 127: 375.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32975901

31.Rossi, M., et al. Flavonoids and bladder cancer risk. Cancer Causes Control, 2019. 30: 527.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30903485

32.Buckland, G., et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and risk of bladder cancer in the EPIC cohort study. Int J Cancer, 2014. 134: 2504.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24226765

33.Liu, H., et al. Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of bladder cancer: an updated meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Cancer Prev, 2015. 24: 508.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25642791

34.Vieira, A.R., et al. Fruits, vegetables, and bladder cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Med, 2015. 4: 136.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25461441

35.Zhao, L., et al. Association of body mass index with bladder cancer risk: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Oncotarget, 2017. 8: 33990.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28389625

36.Witlox, W.J.A., et al. An inverse association between the Mediterranean diet and bladder cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 13 cohort studies. Eur J Nutr, 2020. 59: 287.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30737562

37.Dianatinasab, M., et al. Dietary fats and their sources in association with the risk of bladder cancer: A pooled analysis of 11 prospective cohort studies. Int J Cancer, 2022. 151: 44.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35182086

38.Dianatinasab, M., et al. The association between meat and fish consumption and bladder cancer risk: a pooled analysis of 11 cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol, 2021. 36: 781.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34036467

39.Jochems, S.H.J., et al. Fruit consumption and the risk of bladder cancer: A pooled analysis by the Bladder Cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants Study. Int J Cancer, 2020. 147: 2091.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32285440

40.Boot, I.W.A., et al. Dietary B group vitamin intake and the bladder cancer risk: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Nutr, 2022. 61: 2397.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35129646

41.Kang, M., et al. Diet Quality and Risk of Bladder Cancer in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Nutrients, 2024. 16.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38931318

42.Al-Zalabani, A.H., et al. Tea consumption and risk of bladder cancer in the Bladder Cancer Epidemiology and Nutritional Determinants (BLEND) Study: Pooled analysis of 12 international cohort studies. Clin Nutr, 2022. 41: 1122.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35413574

43.Bryan, R.T., et al. Selenium and Vitamin E for Prevention of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Recurrence and Progression: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2023. 6: e2337494.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37847504

44.Wang, Z., et al. Associations of dietary isothiocyanate exposure from cruciferous vegetable consumption with recurrence and progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: findings from the Be-Well Study. Am J Clin Nutr, 2023. 117: 1110.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37044209

45.Helte, E., et al. Exposure to Drinking Water Trihalomethanes and Risk of Cancer: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis. Environ Health Perspect, 2025. 133: 16001.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39837568

46.Steinmaus, C., et al. Increased lung and bladder cancer incidence in adults after in utero and early-life arsenic exposure. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 2014. 23: 1529.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24859871

47.Koutros, S., et al. Potential effect modifiers of the arsenic-bladder cancer risk relationship. Int J Cancer, 2018. 143: 2640.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29981168

48.Arafa, A., et al. Chronic exposure to nitrate in drinking water and the risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological evidence. Public Health, 2022. 203: 123.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35063929

49.Zhang, Y., et al. Personal use of permanent hair dyes and cancer risk and mortality in US women: prospective cohort study. BMJ, 2020. 370: m2942.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32878860

50.Moschini, M., et al. External Beam Radiotherapy Increases the Risk of Bladder Cancer When Compared with Radical Prostatectomy in Patients Affected by Prostate Cancer: A Population-based Analysis. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 319.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30293908

51.Minami, T., et al. External beam radiotherapy combination is a risk factor for bladder cancer in patients with prostate cancer treated with brachytherapy. World J Urol, 2023. 41: 1317.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37024557

52.Teleka, S., et al. Risk of bladder cancer by disease severity in relation to metabolic factors and smoking: A prospective pooled cohort study of 800,000 men and women. Int J Cancer, 2018. 143: 3071.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29756343

53.Hektoen, H.H., et al. Vitamin D and Vitamin D-binding protein and risk of bladder cancer: A nested case-control study in the Norwegian Janus Serum Bank Cohort. Cancer Med, 2021. 10: 4107.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34080787

54.An, H., et al. Physical Activity and Bladder Cancer Risk: Findings of the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study. Cancer Res Treat, 2024. 56: 616.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37817564

55.Tuccori, M., et al. Pioglitazone use and risk of bladder cancer: population based cohort study. BMJ, 2016. 352: i1541.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27029385

56.Otto, W., et al. WHO 1973 grade 3 and infiltrative growth pattern proved, aberrant E-cadherin expression tends to be of predictive value for progression in a series of stage T1 high-grade bladder cancer after organ-sparing approach. Int Urol Nephrol, 2017. 49: 431.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28035618

57.Brierley, J.D., et al. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, 9th Edition. 2026.
https://www.uicc.org/news-and-updates/25-7-announcements/9th-edition-uicc-tnm-classification-malignant-tumours-now-available

58.van Rhijn, B.W., et al. A new and highly prognostic system to discern T1 bladder cancer substage. Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 378.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22036775

59.Comperat, E., et al. What’s new in WHO fifth edition - urinary tract. Histopathology, 2022. 81: 439.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35942645

60.WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. WHO Classification of Tumours. Urinary and male genital tumours. International Agency for Research on Cancer 5th Edn.; Vol 8. 2022.
https://publications.iarc.fr/610

61.Moch, H., et al. WHO Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs. International Agency for Research on Cancer 4th Edn. 2016.
https://www.iarc.who.int/

62.Comperat, E., et al. The Genitourinary Pathology Society Update on Classification of Variant Histologies, T1 Substaging, Molecular Taxonomy, and Immunotherapy and PD-L1 Testing Implications of Urothelial Cancers. Adv Anat Pathol, 2021. 28: 196.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34128484

63.Kim, H.S., et al. Presence of lymphovascular invasion in urothelial bladder cancer specimens after transurethral resections correlates with risk of upstaging and survival: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol, 2014. 32: 1191.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954108

64.Tilki, D., et al. Lymphovascular invasion is independently associated with bladder cancer recurrence and survival in patients with final stage T1 disease and negative lymph nodes after radical cystectomy. BJU Int, 2013. 111: 1215.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23181623

65.Martin-Doyle, W., et al. Improving selection criteria for early cystectomy in high-grade t1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of 15,215 patients. J Clin Oncol, 2015. 33: 643.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25559810

66.Mari, A., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of lymphovascular invasion in bladder cancer transurethral resection specimens. BJU Int, 2019. 123: 11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29807387

67.D’Andrea, D., et al. Accurate prediction of progression to muscle-invasive disease in patients with pT1G3 bladder cancer: A clinical decision-making tool. Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 239 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29506941

68.Sauter G, A.F., Amin M, et al. Tumours of the urinary system: non-invasive urothelial neoplasias. In: WHO classification of classification of tumours of the urinary system and male genital organs. IARCC Press, 2004: 29.
https://publications.iarc.who.int/Book-And-Report-Series/Who-Classification-Of-Tumours/Pathology-And-Genetics-Of-Tumours-Of-The-Urinary-System-And-Male-Genital-Organs-2004

69.Soukup, V., et al. Prognostic Performance and Reproducibility of the 1973 and 2004/2016 World Health Organization Grading Classification Systems in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A European Association of Urology Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel Systematic Review. Eur Urol, 2017. 72: 801.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28457661

70.Mariappan, P., et al. Combining two grading systems: the clinical validity and inter-observer variability of the 1973 and 2004 WHO bladder cancer classification systems assessed in a UK cohort with 15 years of prospective follow-up. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 425.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32266509

71.Hentschel, A.E., et al. Papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential (PUN-LMP): Still a meaningful histo-pathological grade category for Ta, noninvasive bladder tumors in 2019? Urol Oncol, 2020. 38: 440.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31704141

72.Beijert, I.J., et al. The Importance of Being Grade 3: A Plea for a Three-tier Hybrid Classification System for Grade in Primary Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol, 2024. 86: 391.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39209674

73.Ferro, M., et al. Enhanced prognostic value of four-tier hybrid grading system in Ta non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40557582

74.van Rhijn, B.W.G., et al. Prognostic Value of the WHO1973 and WHO2004/2016 Classification Systems for Grade in Primary Ta/T1 Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Multicenter European Association of Urology Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel Study. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021. 4: 182.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33423944

75.Andersson, M., et al. The diagnostic challenge of suspicious or positive malignant urine cytology findings when cystoscopy findings are normal: an outpatient blue-light flexible cystoscopy may solve the problem. Scand J Urol, 2021. 55: 263.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34037496

76.Lamm, D., et al. Updated concepts and treatment of carcinoma in situ. Urol Oncol, 1998. 4: 130.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21227218

77.Witjes, J.A., et al. Review pathology in a diagnostic bladder cancer trial: effect of patient risk category. Urology, 2006. 67: 751.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16566990

78.May, M., et al. Prognostic accuracy of individual uropathologists in noninvasive urinary bladder carcinoma: a multicentre study comparing the 1973 and 2004 World Health Organisation classifications. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 850.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19346063

79.van Rhijn, B.W., et al. Pathological stage review is indicated in primary pT1 bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2010. 106: 206.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20002439

80.Comperat, E., et al. An interobserver reproducibility study on invasiveness of bladder cancer using virtual microscopy and heatmaps. Histopathology, 2013. 63: 756.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24102813

81.Mangrud, O.M., et al. Reproducibility and prognostic value of WHO1973 and WHO2004 grading systems in TaT1 urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder. PLoS One, 2014. 9: e83192.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24409280

82.Veskimae, E., et al. What Is the Prognostic and Clinical Importance of Urothelial and Nonurothelial Histological Variants of Bladder Cancer in Predicting Oncological Outcomes in Patients with Muscle-invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer? A European Association of Urology Muscle Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer Guidelines Panel Systematic Review. Eur Urol Oncol, 2019. 2: 625.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31601522

83.Comperat, E.M., et al. Grading of Urothelial Carcinoma and The New “World Health Organisation Classification of Tumours of the Urinary System and Male Genital Organs 2016”. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 457.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29366854

84.Lonati, C., et al. Accuracy of Transurethral Resection of the Bladder in Detecting Variant Histology of Bladder Cancer Compared with Radical Cystectomy. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 457.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33867307

85.Willis, D.L., et al. Clinical outcomes of cT1 micropapillary bladder cancer. J Urol, 2015. 193: 1129.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25254936

86.Comperat, E., et al. Micropapillary urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathological analysis of 72 cases. Pathology, 2010. 42: 650.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21080874

87.Kaimakliotis, H.Z., et al. Plasmacytoid variant urothelial bladder cancer: is it time to update the treatment paradigm? Urol Oncol, 2014. 32: 833.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954925

88.Willis, D.L., et al. Micropapillary bladder cancer: current treatment patterns and review of the literature. Urol Oncol, 2014. 32: 826.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24931270

89.Beltran, A.L., et al. Clinicopathological characteristics and outcome of nested carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Virchows Arch, 2014. 465: 199.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24878757

90.Soave, A., et al. Does the extent of variant histology affect oncological outcomes in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy? Urol Oncol, 2015. 33: 21 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25465301

91.Masson-Lecomte, A., et al. Oncological outcomes of advanced muscle-invasive bladder cancer with a micropapillary variant after radical cystectomy and adjuvant platinum-based chemotherapy. World J Urol, 2015. 33: 1087.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25179011

92.Seisen, T., et al. Impact of histological variants on the outcomes of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer after transurethral resection. Curr Opin Urol, 2014. 24: 524.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25051021

93.Burger, M., et al. Prediction of progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer by WHO 1973 and 2004 grading and by FGFR3 mutation status: a prospective study. Eur Urol, 2008. 54: 835.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18166262

94.Fristrup, N., et al. Cathepsin E, maspin, Plk1, and survivin are promising prognostic protein markers for progression in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Am J Pathol, 2012. 180: 1824.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22449953

95.Palou, J., et al. Protein expression patterns of ezrin are predictors of progression in T1G3 bladder tumours treated with nonmaintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Eur Urol, 2009. 56: 829.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18926620

96.van Rhijn, B.W., et al. The FGFR3 mutation is related to favorable pT1 bladder cancer. J Urol, 2012. 187: 310.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22099989

97.Remy, E., et al. A Modeling Approach to Explain Mutually Exclusive and Co-Occurring Genetic Alterations in Bladder Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res, 2015. 75: 4042.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26238783

98.Dyrskjot, L., et al. Prognostic Impact of a 12-gene Progression Score in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Prospective Multicentre Validation Study. Eur Urol, 2017. 72: 461.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28583312

99.Marzouka, N.A., et al. The Lund Molecular Taxonomy Applied to Non-Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma. J Mol Diagn, 2022. 24: 992.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35853574

100.Ramirez, D., et al. Microscopic haematuria at time of diagnosis is associated with lower disease stage in patients with newly diagnosed bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2016. 117: 783.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26435378

101.Trinh, T.W., et al. Bladder cancer diagnosis with CT urography: test characteristics and reasons for false-positive and false-negative results. Abdom Radiol (NY), 2018. 43: 663.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28677000

102.Waisbrod, S., et al. Assessment of Diagnostic Yield of Cystoscopy and Computed Tomographic Urography for Urinary Tract Cancers in Patients Evaluated for Microhematuria: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open, 2021. 4: e218409.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33970257

103.Nolte-Ernsting, C., et al. Understanding multislice CT urography techniques: Many roads lead to Rome. Eur Radiol, 2006. 16: 2670.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16953373

104.Goessl, C., et al. Is routine excretory urography necessary at first diagnosis of bladder cancer? J Urol, 1997. 157: 480.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8996338

105.Palou, J., et al. Multivariate analysis of clinical parameters of synchronous primary superficial bladder cancer and upper urinary tract tumor. J Urol, 2005. 174: 859.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16093970

106.Holmang, S., et al. Long-term followup of a bladder carcinoma cohort: routine followup urography is not necessary. J Urol, 1998. 160: 45.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9628602

107.Millan-Rodriguez, F., et al. Upper urinary tract tumors after primary superficial bladder tumors: prognostic factors and risk groups. J Urol, 2000. 164: 1183.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10992362

108.Tan, W.S., et al. Can Renal and Bladder Ultrasound Replace Computerized Tomography Urogram in Patients Investigated for Microscopic Hematuria? J Urol, 2018. 200: 973.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29702097

109.Hilton, S., et al. Recent advances in imaging cancer of the kidney and urinary tract. Surg Oncol Clin N Am, 2014. 23: 863.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25246053

110.Panebianco, V., et al. Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Bladder Cancer: Development of VI-RADS (Vesical Imaging-Reporting And Data System). Eur Urol, 2018. 74: 294.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29755006

111.Del Giudice, F., et al. The accuracy of Vesical Imaging-Reporting and Data System (VI-RADS): an updated comprehensive multi-institutional, multi-readers systematic review and meta-analysis from diagnostic evidence into future clinical recommendations. World J Urol, 2022. 40: 1617.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35294583

112.Saouli, A., et al. Utility of MRI in NMIBC and feasibility of avoiding Re-TURB in carefully selected patients: a systematic review. World J Urol, 2025. 43: 95.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39883196

113.Yafi, F.A., et al. Prospective analysis of sensitivity and specificity of urinary cytology and other urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer. Urol Oncol, 2015. 33: 66 e25.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037483

114.Tetu, B. Diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma from urine. Mod Pathol, 2009. 22 Suppl 2: S53.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19494853

115.Lobo, J., et al. Evaluation of the Implementation and Diagnostic Accuracy of the Paris Classification for Reporting Urinary Cytology in Voided Urine Specimens: A Cyto-Histological Correlation Study in a Cancer Center. Pathobiology, 2023. 90: 233.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36574757

116.Raitanen, M.P., et al. Differences between local and review urinary cytology in diagnosis of bladder cancer. An interobserver multicenter analysis. Eur Urol, 2002. 41: 284.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12180229

117.Karakiewicz, P.I., et al. Institutional variability in the accuracy of urinary cytology for predicting recurrence of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. BJU Int, 2006. 97: 997.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16542342

118.Tian, W., et al. Significant reduction of indeterminate (atypical) diagnosis after implementation of The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology: A single-institution study of more than 27,000 cases. Cancer Cytopathol, 2021. 129: 114.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32931158

119.Lebret, T., et al. Artificial intelligence to improve cytology performances in bladder carcinoma detection: results of the VisioCyt test. BJU Int, 2022. 129: 356.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33751774

120.Wojcik, E.M., Kurtycz, D.F.I., Rosenthal, D.L., The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology, ed. E.M. Wojcik, Kurtycz, DFI, Rosenthal, D.L., Eds. Vol. 2nd Edn. . 2022.
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-88686-8

121.Pastorello, R.G., et al. Experience on the use of The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytopathology: review of the published literature. J Am Soc Cytopathol, 2021. 10: 79.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33160893

122.Meilleroux, J., et al. One year of experience using the Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology. Cancer Cytopathol, 2018. 126: 430.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29663682

123.Gomez Del Canizo, C., et al. Voided urine cytology is a useful tool predicting non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer risk before surgery. Urol Oncol, 2024. 42: 246 e15.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38664179

124.Nabi, G., et al. Suspicious urinary cytology with negative evaluation for malignancy in the diagnostic investigation of haematuria: how to follow up? J Clin Pathol, 2004. 57: 365.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15047737

125.Soria, F., et al. An up-to-date catalog of available urinary biomarkers for the surveillance of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. World J Urol, 2018. 36: 1981.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29931526

126.Heard, J.R., et al. Noninvasive Tests for Bladder Cancer Detection and Surveillance: A Systematic Review of Commercially Available Assays. Bladder Cancer, 2024. 10: 71.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38993533

127.Schmitz-Drager, B.J., et al. Results of the Prospective Randomized UroFollow Trial Comparing Marker-guided Versus Cystoscopy-based Surveillance in Patients with Low/Intermediate-risk Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 2025. 8: 1041.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40340174

128.Dreyer, T., et al. Use of the Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor Urinary Biomarker Test for Guiding Cystoscopy in High-grade Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Results from the Randomized Controlled DaBlaCa-15 Trial. Eur Urol, 2025. 88: 23.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40280776

129.Moulavasilis, N., et al. The Paris system classification for urinary cytology in patients under bacillus Calmette-Guerin treatment. Diagn Cytopathol, 2022. 50: 289.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35262275

130.D’Andrea, D., et al. Diagnostic accuracy, clinical utility and influence on decision-making of a methylation urine biomarker test in the surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2019. 123: 959.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30653818

131.Ribal, M.J., et al. Gene expression test for the non-invasive diagnosis of bladder cancer: A prospective, blinded, international and multicenter validation study. Eur J Cancer, 2016. 54: 131.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26761785

132.Wolff, I., et al. Real-world performance of Uromonitor(R) in urothelial bladder cancer detection: a multicentric trial. BJU Int, 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38923777

133.Fiorentino, V., et al. Bladder Epicheck Test: A Novel Tool to Support Urothelial Carcinoma Diagnosis in Urine Samples. Int J Mol Sci, 2023. 24.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37569864

134.Sharma, G., et al. Xpert bladder cancer monitor in surveillance of bladder cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 163 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34535354

135.van der Aa, M.N., et al. Microsatellite analysis of voided-urine samples for surveillance of low-grade non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma: feasibility and clinical utility in a prospective multicenter study (Cost-Effectiveness of Follow-Up of Urinary Bladder Cancer trial [CEFUB]). Eur Urol, 2009. 55: 659.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18501499

136.Roupret, M., et al. A comparison of the performance of microsatellite and methylation urine analysis for predicting the recurrence of urothelial cell carcinoma, and definition of a set of markers by Bayesian network analysis. BJU Int, 2008. 101: 1448.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18325051

137.Todenhofer, T., et al. Prognostic relevance of positive urine markers in patients with negative cystoscopy during surveillance of bladder cancer. BMC Cancer, 2015. 15: 155.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25884545

138.Grossman, H.B., et al. Detection of bladder cancer using a point-of-care proteomic assay. JAMA, 2005. 293: 810.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15713770

139.Kim, P.H., et al. Reflex fluorescence in situ hybridization assay for suspicious urinary cytology in patients with bladder cancer with negative surveillance cystoscopy. BJU Int, 2014. 114: 354.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24128299

140.Palou, J., et al. Management of Patients with Normal Cystoscopy but Positive Cytology or Urine Markers. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 548.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31331861

141.Beukers, W., et al. FGFR3, TERT and OTX1 as a Urinary Biomarker Combination for Surveillance of Patients with Bladder Cancer in a Large Prospective Multicenter Study. J Urol, 2017. 197: 1410.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28049011

142.Critelli, R., et al. Detection of multiple mutations in urinary exfoliated cells from male bladder cancer patients at diagnosis and during follow-up. Oncotarget, 2016. 7: 67435.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27611947

143.Liedberg, F., et al. Clinical Implementation of Urinary Biomarkers for Surveillance of Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC): Considerations from the European Association of Urology NMIBC Guideline Panel. Eur Urol Oncol, 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39343636

144.Roobol, M.J., et al. Feasibility study of screening for bladder cancer with urinary molecular markers (the BLU-P project). Urol Oncol, 2010. 28: 686.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21062653

145.Starke, N., et al. Long-term outcomes in a high-risk bladder cancer screening cohort. BJU Int, 2016. 117: 611.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25891519

146.Shang, D., et al. Diagnostic value comparison of CellDetect, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and cytology in urothelial carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int, 2021. 21: 465.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34488763

147.Valenberg, F., et al. Validation of an mRNA-based Urine Test for the Detection of Bladder Cancer in Patients with Haematuria. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021. 4: 93.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33004290

148.Lotan, Y., et al. A Multicenter Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Cxbladder Triage to Cystoscopy in Patients With Microhematuria: The Safe Testing of Risk for Asymptomatic Microhematuria Trial. J Urol, 2024. 212: 41.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38700731

149.Kurth, K.H., et al. Current methods of assessing and treating carcinoma in situ of the bladder with or without involvement of the prostatic urethra. Int J Urol, 1995. 2 Suppl 2: 8.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7553309

150.Krajewski, W., et al. How different cystoscopy methods influence patient sexual satisfaction, anxiety, and depression levels: a randomized prospective trial. Qual Life Res, 2017. 26: 625.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28050795

151.Aaronson, D.S., et al. Meta-analysis: does lidocaine gel before flexible cystoscopy provide pain relief? BJU Int, 2009. 104: 506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19239453

152.Beaghler, M., et al. Flexible cystoscopic bladder biopsies: a technique for outpatient evaluation of the lower urinary tract urothelium. Urology, 1994. 44: 756.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7974952

153.Berjaoui, M.B., et al. A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial of Irrigation “Bag Squeeze” to Manage Pain for Patients Undergoing Flexible Cystoscopy. J Urol, 2020. 204: 1012.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32396409

154.Gunendran, T., et al. Does increasing hydrostatic pressure (“bag squeeze”) during flexible cystoscopy improve patient comfort: a randomized, controlled study. Urology, 2008. 72: 255.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18554699

155.Mumm, J.N., et al. Listening to Music during Outpatient Cystoscopy Reduces Pain and Anxiety and Increases Satisfaction: Results from a Prospective Randomized Study. Urol Int, 2021. 105: 792.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34280934

156.Gezginci, E., et al. Three Distraction Methods for Pain Reduction During Cystoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Effects on Pain, Anxiety, and Satisfaction. J Endourol, 2018. 32: 1078.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30280915

157.Chen, G., et al. Does Listening to Music Improve Pain Perception and Anxiety in Patients Undergoing Cystoscopy: A Meta-Analysis. Front Surg, 2021. 8: 689782.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34262933

158.Suarez-Ibarrola, R., et al. Surgical checklist impact on recurrence-free survival of patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer undergoing transurethral resection of bladder tumour. BJU Int, 2019. 123: 646.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30248235

159.Teoh, J.Y., et al. An International Collaborative Consensus Statement on En Bloc Resection of Bladder Tumour Incorporating Two Systematic Reviews, a Two-round Delphi Survey, and a Consensus Meeting. Eur Urol, 2020. 78: 546.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32389447

160.Anderson, C., et al. A 10-Item Checklist Improves Reporting of Critical Procedural Elements during Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor. J Urol, 2016. 196: 1014.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27044571

161.Czech, A.K., et al. The assessment of bladder cancer resectability with bimanual palpation: A prospective study in laparoscopy and open cystectomy patients. Urol Oncol, 2024. 42: 176 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38508941

162.Mariappan, P., et al. Predicting Grade and Stage at Cystoscopy in Newly Presenting Bladder Cancers-a Prospective Double-Blind Clinical Study. Urology, 2017. 109: 134.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28818537

163.Breda, A., et al. The DEpth of Endoscopic Perforation scale to assess intraoperative perforations during transurethral resection of bladder tumor: subgroup analysis of a randomized controlled trial. World J Urol, 2023. 41: 2583.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35665840

164.Brausi, M., et al. Variability in the recurrence rate at first follow-up cystoscopy after TUR in stage Ta T1 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a combined analysis of seven EORTC studies. Eur Urol, 2002. 41: 523.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12074794

165.Richterstetter, M., et al. The value of extended transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) in the treatment of bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2012. 110: E76.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22313727

166.Teoh, J.Y., et al. En-bloc resection of bladder tumour as primary treatment for patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: routine implementation in a multi-centre setting. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 3353.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33774705

167.Teoh, J.Y., et al. Recurrence mechanisms of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer - a clinical perspective. Nat Rev Urol, 2022. 19: 280.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35361927

168.Yanagisawa, T., et al. En Bloc Resection for Bladder Tumors: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Its Differential Effect on Safety, Recurrence and Histopathology. J Urol, 2022. 207: 754.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35060770

169.Kramer, M.W., et al. En bloc resection of urothelium carcinoma of the bladder (EBRUC): a European multicenter study to compare safety, efficacy, and outcome of laser and electrical en bloc transurethral resection of bladder tumor. World J Urol, 2015. 33: 1937.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25910478

170.Hurle, R., et al. “En Bloc” Resection of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Prospective Single-center Study. Urology, 2016. 90: 126.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26776561

171.Migliari, R., et al. Thulium Laser Endoscopic En Bloc Enucleation of Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Endourol, 2015. 29: 1258.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26102556

172.Zhang, X.R., et al. Two Micrometer Continuous-Wave Thulium Laser Treating Primary Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Is It Feasible? A Randomized Prospective Study. Photomed Laser Surg, 2015. 33: 517.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26397029

173.Hashem, A., et al. Holmium Laser En-bloc Resection Versus Conventional Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors for Treatment of Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Eur Urol Focus, 2021. 7: 1035.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33386289

174.Fan, J., et al. Green-light laser en bloc resection versus conventional transurethral resection for initial non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Urol, 2021. 28: 855.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34013615

175.Badawy, A., et al. Thulium laser en bloc resection versus conventional transurethral resection of urinary bladder tumor: A comparative prospective study. Urol Ann, 2023. 15: 88.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37006212

176.Gallioli, A., et al. En Bloc Versus Conventional Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors: A Single-center Prospective Randomized Noninferiority Trial. Eur Urol Oncol, 2022. 5: 440.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35618567

177.D’Andrea, D., et al. En Bloc Versus Conventional Resection of Primary Bladder Tumor (eBLOC): A Prospective, Multicenter, Open-label, Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial. Eur Urol Oncol, 2023. 6: 508.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37543464

178.Li, Z., et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of perioperative outcomes and prognosis of transurethral en-bloc resection vs. conventional transurethral resection for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int J Surg, 2022. 104: 106777.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35850465

179.Xu, Z., et al. An updated systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis of the efficacy and safety of en bloc transurethral resection vs. conventional transurethral resection for nonmuscle-invasive bladder tumor. Int J Surg, 2025. 111: 3061.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39927777

180.Teoh, J.Y., et al. Impact of Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy Following Transurethral En Bloc Resection of Bladder Tumour: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomised, Multicentre, Phase 3 Trial. Eur Urol Oncol, 2025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41177716

181.Yuen-Chun Teoh, J., et al. Transurethral En Bloc Resection Versus Standard Resection of Bladder Tumour: A Randomised, Multicentre, Phase 3 Trial. Eur Urol, 2024. 86: 103.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38692956

182.Mariappan, P., et al. Detrusor muscle in the first, apparently complete transurethral resection of bladder tumour specimen is a surrogate marker of resection quality, predicts risk of early recurrence, and is dependent on operator experience. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 843.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19524354

183.Taoka, R., et al. Use of surgical checklist during transurethral resection increases detrusor muscle collection rate and improves recurrence-free survival in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int J Urol, 2021. 28: 727.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33742465

184.Mariappan, P., et al. Enhanced Quality and Effectiveness of Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Multicentre Real-world Experience from Scotland’s Quality Performance Indicators Programme. Eur Urol, 2020. 78: 520.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32690321

185.Del Giudice, F., et al. Surgical checklist adherence across urology expertise levels impacts transurethral resection of bladder tumour quality indicators. BJU Int, 2023. 131: 712.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36251366

186.Mariappan, P., et al. Achieving Benchmarks for National Quality Indicators Reduces Recurrence and Progression in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38296735

187.Mariappan, P., et al. Good quality white-light transurethral resection of bladder tumours (GQ-WLTURBT) with experienced surgeons performing complete resections and obtaining detrusor muscle reduces early recurrence in new non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: validation across time and place and recommendation for benchmarking. BJU Int, 2012. 109: 1666.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22044434

188.Neumann, E., et al. Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors: Next-generation Virtual Reality Training for Surgeons. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 906.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29802051

189.Bebane, S., et al. Perioperative outcomes of transurethral resection for t1 bladder tumors: quality evaluation based on patient, tumor and surgeon criteria. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 4159.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34160681

190.Jancke, G., et al. Impact of surgical experience on recurrence and progression after transurethral resection of bladder tumour in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Scand J Urol, 2014. 48: 276.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24286506

191.Wettstein, M.S., et al. Association between surgical case volume and survival in T1 bladder cancer: A plea for regionalization of care? Canadian Urological Association Journal, 2020. 14: E394.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7492039/

192.Mao, X., et al. Outcomes and Complications of Bipolar vs. Monopolar Energy for Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Surg, 2021. 8: 583806.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34150834

193.Tzelves, L., et al. Does bipolar energy provide any advantage over monopolar surgery in transurethral resection of non-muscle invasive bladder tumors? A systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 1093.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32591900

194.Xie, K., et al. Bipolar versus monopolar transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 1177.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32462303

195.Teoh, J.Y., et al. Comparison of Detrusor Muscle Sampling Rate in Monopolar and Bipolar Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: A Randomized Trial. Ann Surg Oncol, 2017. 24: 1428.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27882470

196.Wong, C.H., et al. Monopolar versus bipolar transurethral resection of bladder Tumour: post-hoc analysis of a prospective trial. World J Urol, 2024. 42: 466.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39093420

197.Picozzi, S.C., et al. Is it oncologically safe performing simultaneous transurethral resection of the bladder and prostate? A meta-analysis on 1,234 patients. Int Urol Nephrol, 2012. 44: 1325.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22710969

198.Tsivian, A., et al. Simultaneous transurethral resection of bladder tumor and benign prostatic hyperplasia: hazardous or a safe timesaver? J Urol, 2003. 170: 2241.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14634388

199.Sari Motlagh, R., et al. The recurrence and progression risk after simultaneous endoscopic surgery of urothelial bladder tumour and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2021. 127: 143.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32564458

200.Laukhtina, E., et al. Oncological and safety profiles in patients undergoing simultaneous transurethral resection (TUR) of bladder tumour and TUR of the prostate. BJU Int, 2023. 131: 571.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36134575

201.van der Meijden, A., et al. Significance of bladder biopsies in Ta,T1 bladder tumors: a report from the EORTC Genito-Urinary Tract Cancer Cooperative Group. EORTC-GU Group Superficial Bladder Committee. Eur Urol, 1999. 35: 267.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10419345

202.Hara, T., et al. Risk of concomitant carcinoma in situ determining biopsy candidates among primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients: retrospective analysis of 173 Japanese cases. Int J Urol, 2009. 16: 293.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19207607

203.Palou, J., et al. Female gender and carcinoma in situ in the prostatic urethra are prognostic factors for recurrence, progression, and disease-specific mortality in T1G3 bladder cancer patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 118.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22101115

204.Mungan, M.U., et al. Risk factors for mucosal prostatic urethral involvement in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol, 2005. 48: 760.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16005563

205.Brant, A., et al. Prognostic implications of prostatic urethral involvement in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. World J Urol, 2019. 37: 2683.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30850856

206.Huguet, J., et al. Cystectomy in patients with high risk superficial bladder tumors who fail intravesical BCG therapy: pre-cystectomy prostate involvement as a prognostic factor. Eur Urol, 2005. 48: 53.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15967252

207.Kausch, I., et al. Photodynamic diagnosis in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and cumulative analysis of prospective studies. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 595.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20004052

208.Mowatt, G., et al. Photodynamic diagnosis of bladder cancer compared with white light cystoscopy: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Technol Assess Health Care, 2011. 27: 3.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21262078

209.Neuzillet, Y., et al. Assessment of diagnostic gain with hexaminolevulinate (HAL) in the setting of newly diagnosed non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with positive results on urine cytology. Urol Oncol, 2014. 32: 1135.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25023786

210.Draga, R.O., et al. Photodynamic diagnosis (5-aminolevulinic acid) of transitional cell carcinoma after bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy and mitomycin C intravesical therapy. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 655.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19819064

211.Ray, E.R., et al. Hexylaminolaevulinate fluorescence cystoscopy in patients previously treated with intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin. BJU Int, 2010. 105: 789.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19832725

212.Chou, R., et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Fluorescent Versus White Light Cystoscopy for Initial Diagnosis or Surveillance of Bladder Cancer on Clinical Outcomes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Urol, 2017. 197: 548.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27780784

213.Veeratterapillay, R., et al. Time to Turn on the Blue Lights: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Photodynamic Diagnosis for Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2021. 31: 17.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34467237

214.Maisch, P., et al. Blue vs white light for transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: an abridged Cochrane Review. BJU Int, 2022. 130: 730.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35238145

215.Zhao, H., et al. Comparison of hexaminolevulinate (HAL) -guided versus white light transurethral resection for NMIBC: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther, 2023. 41: 103220.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36462704

216.Heer, R., et al. A Randomized Trial of PHOTOdynamic Surgery in Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. NEJM Evidence, 2022. 1.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38319866/

217.Zheng, C., et al. Narrow band imaging diagnosis of bladder cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2012. 110: E680.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985502

218.Drejer, D., et al. Clinical relevance of narrow-band imaging in flexible cystoscopy: the DaBlaCa-7 study. Scand J Urol, 2017. 51: 120.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28266904

219.Ye, Z., et al. A comparison of NBI and WLI cystoscopy in detecting non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A prospective, randomized and multi-center study. Sci Rep, 2015. 5: 10905.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26046790

220.Kim, S.B., et al. Detection and recurrence rate of transurethral resection of bladder tumors by narrow-band imaging: Prospective, randomized comparison with white light cystoscopy. Investig Clin Urol, 2018. 59: 98.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29520385

221.Naito, S., et al. The Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society (CROES) Multicentre Randomised Trial of Narrow Band Imaging-Assisted Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumour (TURBT) Versus Conventional White Light Imaging-Assisted TURBT in Primary Non-Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Patients: Trial Protocol and 1-year Results. Eur Urol, 2016. 70: 506.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27117749

222.Russo, G.I., et al. Performance of Narrow Band Imaging (NBI) and Photodynamic Diagnosis (PDD) Fluorescence Imaging Compared to White Light Cystoscopy (WLC) in Detecting Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Lesion-Level Diagnostic Meta-Analysis. Cancers (Basel), 2021. 13.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34503188

223.Li, H., et al. Novel Visualization Methods Assisted Transurethral Resection for Bladder Cancer: An Updated Survival-Based Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol, 2021. 11: 644341.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34327134

224.Sari Motlagh, R., et al. Impact of enhanced optical techniques at time of transurethral resection of bladder tumour, with or without single immediate intravesical chemotherapy, on recurrence rate of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials. BJU Int, 2021. 128: 280.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33683778

225.Howard, J.M., et al. Enhanced Endoscopy with IMAGE1 S CHROMA Improves Detection of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer During Transurethral Resection. J Endourol, 2021. 35: 647.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33176470

226.Mulawkar, P., et al. Evaluation of Spectra A and B Modes in Diagnosis of Suspicious Bladder Lesions. J Endourol, 2021. 35: 1184.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33446044

227.de la Rosette, J., et al. Conventional white light imaging-assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) versus IMAGE1S-assisted TURBT in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients: trial protocol and 18 months results. World J Urol, 2022. 40: 727.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34741631

228.Trelles Guzman, C.R., et al. Randomized clinical trial on the use of IMAGE1 S LIGHT (SPIES) vs. white light in the prevention of recurrence during transurethral resection of bladder tumors: Analysis after 12-month follow-up. Actas Urol Esp (Engl Ed), 2024. 48: 512.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38159804

229.Liem, E., et al. Validation of Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy Features of Bladder Cancer: The Next Step Towards Real-time Histologic Grading. Eur Urol Focus, 2020. 6: 81.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30033066

230.Cumberbatch, M.G.K., et al. Repeat Transurethral Resection in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 925.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29523366

231.Yanagisawa, T., et al. Repeat Transurethral Resection for Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis in the Contemporary Era. Eur Urol Focus, 2024. 10: 41.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37495458

232.Naselli, A., et al. Role of Restaging Transurethral Resection for T1 Non-muscle invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Focus, 2018. 4: 558.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28753839

233.Elsawy, A.A., et al. Diagnostic performance and predictive capacity of early urine cytology after transurethral resection of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer: A prospective study. Urol Oncol, 2020. 38: 935 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32654947

234.Elsawy, A.A., et al. Can repeat biopsy be skipped after initial complete resection of T1 bladder cancer? The role of a novel urinary mRNA biomarker. Urol Oncol, 2021. 39: 437 e11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33785220

235.Grimm, M.O., et al. Effect of routine repeat transurethral resection for superficial bladder cancer: a long-term observational study. J Urol, 2003. 170: 433.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12853793

236.Eroglu, A., et al. The prognostic value of routine second transurethral resection in patients with newly diagnosed stage pT1 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results from randomized 10-year extension trial. Int J Clin Oncol, 2020. 25: 698.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31760524

237.Lee, K., et al. Evaluating the efficacy of secondary transurethral resection of the bladder for high-grade Ta tumors. Investig Clin Urol, 2022. 63: 14.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34983118

238.Gordon, P.C., et al. Long-term Outcomes from Re-resection for High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Potential to Rationalize Use. Eur Urol Focus, 2019. 5: 650.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29089252

239.Hashine, K., et al. Results of second transurethral resection for high-grade T1 bladder cancer. Urol Ann, 2016. 8: 10.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26834394

240.Dalbagni, G., et al. Clinical outcome in a contemporary series of restaged patients with clinical T1 bladder cancer. Eur Urol, 2009. 56: 903.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19632765

241.Bishr, M., et al. Tumour stage on re-staging transurethral resection predicts recurrence and progression-free survival of patients with high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Can Urol Assoc J, 2014. 8: E306.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24940455

242.Palou, J., et al. Recurrence, progression and cancer-specific mortality according to stage at re-TUR in T1G3 bladder cancer patients treated with BCG: not as bad as previously thought. World J Urol, 2018. 36: 1621.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29721611

243.Gontero, P., et al. The impact of re-transurethral resection on clinical outcomes in a large multicentre cohort of patients with T1 high-grade/Grade 3 bladder cancer treated with bacille Calmette-Guerin. BJU Int, 2016. 118: 44.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26469362

244.Hensley, P.J., et al. Implications of Guideline-based, Risk-stratified Restaging Transurethral Resection of High-grade Ta Urothelial Carcinoma on Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy Outcomes. Eur Urol Oncol, 2022. 5: 347.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33935020

245.Baltaci, S., et al. Significance of the interval between first and second transurethral resection on recurrence and progression rates in patients with high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with maintenance intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. BJU Int, 2015. 116: 721.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25715815

246.Paner, G.P., et al. Challenges in Pathologic Staging of Bladder Cancer: Proposals for Fresh Approaches of Assessing Pathologic Stage in Light of Recent Studies and Observations Pertaining to Bladder Histoanatomic Variances. Adv Anat Pathol, 2017. 24: 113.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28398951

247.ICCR. Urinary Tract Carcinoma Biopsy and Transurethral Resection Specimen (TNM8). 2019. 2022.
http://www.iccr-cancer.org/datasets/published-datasets/urinary-male-genital/ut-biopsy-and-tr

248.Kurpad, R., et al. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of urologic malignancies: does it influence diagnostic and treatment decisions? Urol Oncol, 2011. 29: 378.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19576797

249.Traboulsi, S.L., et al. Pathology review impacts clinical management of patients with T1-T2 bladder cancer. Can Urol Assoc J, 2017. 11: 188.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28652877

250.Mostafid, H., et al. Best Practices to Optimise Quality and Outcomes of Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumours. Eur Urol Oncol, 2021. 4: 12.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32684515

251.Sylvester, R.J., et al. Predicting recurrence and progression in individual patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer using EORTC risk tables: a combined analysis of 2596 patients from seven EORTC trials. Eur Urol, 2006. 49: 466.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16442208

252.Lammers, R.J., et al. Prediction model for recurrence probabilities after intravesical chemotherapy in patients with intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, including external validation. World J Urol, 2016. 34: 173.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26025189

253.Fernandez-Gomez, J., et al. Predicting nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer recurrence and progression in patients treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin: the CUETO scoring model. J Urol, 2009. 182: 2195.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19758621

254.Fernandez-Gomez, J., et al. The EORTC tables overestimate the risk of recurrence and progression in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin: external validation of the EORTC risk tables. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 423.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21621906

255.van Rhijn, B.W., et al. Molecular grade (FGFR3/MIB-1) and EORTC risk scores are predictive in primary non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol, 2010. 58: 433.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20646825

256.Cambier, S., et al. EORTC Nomograms and Risk Groups for Predicting Recurrence, Progression, and Disease-specific and Overall Survival in Non-Muscle-invasive Stage Ta-T1 Urothelial Bladder Cancer Patients Treated with 1-3 Years of Maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Eur Urol, 2016. 69: 60.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26210894

257.Sylvester, R.J., et al. European Association of Urology (EAU) Prognostic Factor Risk Groups for Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (NMIBC) Incorporating the WHO 2004/2016 and WHO 1973 Classification Systems for Grade: An Update from the EAU NMIBC Guidelines Panel. Eur Urol, 2021. 79: 480.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33419683

258.Gontero, P., et al. Prognostic factors and risk groups in T1G3 non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients initially treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: results of a retrospective multicenter study of 2451 patients. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 74.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25043942

259.Voskuilen, C.S., et al. Urothelial Carcinoma in Bladder Diverticula: A Multicenter Analysis of Characteristics and Clinical Outcomes. Eur Urol Focus, 2020. 6: 1226.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30559065

260.Alkhateeb, S.S., et al. Long-term prognostic value of the combination of EORTC risk group calculator and molecular markers in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients treated with intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin. Urol Ann, 2011. 3: 119.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21976923

261.Lamm, D.L. Carcinoma in situ. Urol Clin North Am, 1992. 19: 499.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1636234

262.Losa, A., et al. Low dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin for carcinoma in situ of the bladder: long-term results. J Urol, 2000. 163: 68.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10604316

263.Griffiths, T.R., et al. Treatment of carcinoma in situ with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin without maintenance. J Urol, 2002. 167: 2408.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11992047

264.Takenaka, A., et al. Clinical outcomes of bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillation therapy for carcinoma in situ of urinary bladder. Int J Urol, 2008. 15: 309.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18380817

265.Palou, J., et al. Recurrence at three months and high-grade recurrence as prognostic factor of progression in multivariate analysis of T1G2 bladder tumors. Urology, 2009. 73: 1313.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19362341

266.Deuker, M., et al. Bladder Cancer: A Comparison Between Non-urothelial Variant Histology and Urothelial Carcinoma Across All Stages and Treatment Modalities. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2021. 19: 60.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32782133

267.Dursun, F., et al. Histological variants of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: Survival outcomes of radical cystectomy vs. bladder preservation therapy. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 275 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35351370

268.Sood, A., et al. Long-Term Oncological Outcomes in Patients Diagnosed With Nonmetastatic Plasmacytoid Variant of Bladder Cancer: A 20-Year University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Experience. J Urol, 2024. 211: 241.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37922370

269.Lonati, C., et al. Survival Outcomes After Immediate Radical Cystectomy Versus Conservative Management with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Among T1 High-grade Micropapillary Bladder Cancer Patients: Results from a Multicentre Collaboration. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 1270.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34419381

270.McFadden, J., et al. Impact of variant histology on upstaging and survival in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer undergoing radical cystectomy. Urol Oncol, 2024. 42: 69 e11.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38267301

271.Lobo, N., et al. Updated European Association of Urology (EAU) Prognostic Factor Risk Groups Overestimate the Risk of Progression in Patients with Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Eur Urol Oncol, 2022. 5: 84.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34920986

272.Pijpers, O.M., et al. Risk of progression in patients with primary T1 high grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer - a contemporary cohort. Eur Urol Oncol, 2025. 8: 249.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39327188

273.Guerrero-Ramos, F., et al. Predicting Recurrence and Progression in Patients with Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Systematic Review on the Performance of Risk Stratification Models. Bladder Cancer, 2022. 8: 339.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38994181

274.Kwong, J.C.C., et al. Development and International Evaluation of an Artificial Intelligence-based Model (PROGRxN-BCa) Using the World Health Organization 2004/2022 Grading System to Predict Progression Risk and Improve Substratification for Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol, 2025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41062388

275.Tan, W.S., et al. Intermediate-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Updated Consensus Definition and Management Recommendations from the International Bladder Cancer Group. Eur Urol Oncol, 2022. 5: 505.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35718695

276.Soria, F., et al. Clinical Validation of the Intermediate-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Scoring System and Substratification Model Proposed by the International Bladder Cancer Group: A Multicenter Young Academic Urologists Urothelial Working Group Collaboration. Eur Urol Oncol, 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38906794

277.Contieri, R., et al. Towards Defining Follow-up Strategies for Patients with Primary Intermediate-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 2025. 8: 977.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40399193

278.Lammers, R.J., et al. Smoking status is a risk factor for recurrence after transurethral resection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 713.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21794974

279.Rink, M., et al. Smoking reduces the efficacy of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 1204.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22980442

280.Slusarczyk, A., et al. The impact of smoking on recurrence and progression of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 2023. 149: 2673.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36404390

281.Ho, C.-H., et al. Association between Smoking and Overall and Specific Mortality in Patients with Bladder Cancer: A Population-based Study. Bladder Cancer, 2022. 8: 129.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38993361/

282.Rink, M., et al. Impact of smoking on outcomes of patients with a history of recurrent nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol, 2012. 188: 2120.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23083868

283.Crivelli, J.J., et al. Effect of smoking on outcomes of urothelial carcinoma: a systematic review of the literature. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 742.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23810104

284.Muller, J., et al. Trends in the risk of second primary cancer among bladder cancer survivors: a population-based cohort of 10 047 patients. BJU Int, 2016. 118: 53.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26469096

285.Lydom, L.N., et al. Perioperative Intensive Smoking Cessation Intervention Among Smokers Who Underwent Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor (TURBT) in Two Different Settings: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cancers (Basel), 2025. 17.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40002306

286.Xu, Y., et al. Comparing the treatment outcomes of potassium-titanyl-phosphate laser vaporization and transurethral electroresection for primary nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer: A prospective, randomized study. Lasers Surg Med, 2015. 47: 306.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25864416

287.Planelles Gomez, J., et al. Holmium YAG Photocoagulation: Safe and Economical Alternative to Transurethral Resection in Small Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Tumors. J Endourol, 2017. 31: 674.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28462594

288.Pedersen, G.L., et al. Outpatient Photodynamic Diagnosis-guided Laser Destruction of Bladder Tumors Is as Good as Conventional Inpatient Photodynamic Diagnosis-guided Transurethral Tumor Resection in Patients with Recurrent Intermediate-risk Low-grade Ta Bladder Tumors. A Prospective Randomized Noninferiority Clinical Trial. Eur Urol, 2023. 83: 125.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36058804

289.Vitug, C., et al. Long-term outcomes and cost savings of office fulguration of papillary Ta low-grade bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2024. 133: 289.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38105525

290.Deacon, N.N., et al. Patient-Reported Outcomes after Laser Ablation for Bladder Tumours Compared to Transurethral Resection-A Prospective Study. Cancers (Basel), 2024. 16.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38730582

291.Holmang, S., et al. Recurrence and progression in low grade papillary urothelial tumors. J Urol, 1999. 162: 702.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10458347

292.Holmang, S., et al. Stage Ta-T1 bladder cancer: the relationship between findings at first followup cystoscopy and subsequent recurrence and progression. J Urol, 2002. 167: 1634.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11912378

293.Mariappan, P., et al. Pattern of recurrence changes in noninvasive bladder tumors observed during 2 decades. J Urol, 2007. 177: 867.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17296362

294.Holmang, S., et al. Stage progression in Ta papillary urothelial tumors: relationship to grade, immunohistochemical expression of tumor markers, mitotic frequency and DNA ploidy. J Urol, 2001. 165: 1124.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11257652

295.Mariappan, P., et al. A surveillance schedule for G1Ta bladder cancer allowing efficient use of check cystoscopy and safe discharge at 5 years based on a 25-year prospective database. J Urol, 2005. 173: 1108.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15758711

296.Millan-Rodriguez, F. Millan-Rodriguez F, et al. Primary superficial bladder cancer risk groups according to progression, mortality and recurrence. J Urol. 2000;164(3 Pt 1):680-684. J Urol, 2000.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10954628/

297.Soloway, M.S., et al. Expectant management of small, recurrent, noninvasive papillary bladder tumors. J Urol, 2003. 170: 438.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12853794

298.Miyake, M., et al. Active surveillance for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Investig Clin Urol, 2016. 57 Suppl 1: S4.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27326406

299.Marcq, G., et al. Active surveillance for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Transl Androl Urol, 2019. 8: 54.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30976569

300.Contieri, R., et al. Long-term Follow-up and Factors Associated with Active Surveillance Failure for Patients with Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: The Bladder Cancer Italian Active Surveillance (BIAS) Experience. Eur Urol Oncol, 2022. 5: 251.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34059485

301.Hurle, R., et al. Active surveillance for low-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: mid-term results from the Bladder cancer Italian Active Surveillance (BIAS) project. BJU Int, 2016. 118: 935.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27207387

302.Tan, W.S., et al. International Bladder Cancer Group Intermediate-risk Nonmuscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Scoring System Predicts Outcomes of Patients on Active Surveillance. J Urol, 2023. 210: 763.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37535836

303.Li, M., et al. Continuous bladder irrigation after transurethral resection of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer for prevention of tumour recurrence: a systematic review. ANZ J Surg, 2021. 91: 2592.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33890701

304.Mahran, A., et al. Bladder irrigation after transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Can J Urol, 2018. 25: 9579.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30553282

305.Zhou, Z., et al. Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of continuous saline bladder irrigation compared with intravesical chemotherapy after transurethral resection of bladder tumors. World J Urol, 2019. 37: 1075.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30612154

306.Onishi, T., et al. Randomized Study of Short-time Continuous Saline Irrigation After Transurethral Resection in Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Anticancer Res, 2025. 45: 2653.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40425326

307.Soloway, M.S., et al. Urothelial susceptibility to tumor cell implantation: influence of cauterization. Cancer, 1980. 46: 1158.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7214299

308.Pan, J.S., et al. Inhibition of implantation of murine bladder tumor by thiotepa in cauterized bladder. J Urol, 1989. 142: 1589.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2511340

309.Brocks, C.P., et al. Inhibition of tumor implantation by intravesical gemcitabine in a murine model of superficial bladder cancer. J Urol, 2005. 174: 1115.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16094076

310.Oosterlinck, W., et al. A prospective European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group randomized trial comparing transurethral resection followed by a single intravesical instillation of epirubicin or water in single stage Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol, 1993. 149: 749.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8455236

311.Sylvester, R.J., et al. Systematic Review and Individual Patient Data Meta-analysis of Randomized Trials Comparing a Single Immediate Instillation of Chemotherapy After Transurethral Resection with Transurethral Resection Alone in Patients with Stage pTa-pT1 Urothelial Carcinoma of the Bladder: Which Patients Benefit from the Instillation? Eur Urol, 2016. 69: 231.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26091833

312.Sylvester, R.J., et al. A single immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy decreases the risk of recurrence in patients with stage Ta T1 bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol, 2004. 171: 2186.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15126782

313.Abern, M.R., et al. Perioperative intravesical chemotherapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2013. 11: 477.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23584348

314.Perlis, N., et al. Immediate post-transurethral resection of bladder tumor intravesical chemotherapy prevents non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer recurrences: an updated meta-analysis on 2548 patients and quality-of-evidence review. Eur Urol, 2013. 64: 421.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23830475

315.Messing, E.M., et al. Effect of Intravesical Instillation of Gemcitabine vs Saline Immediately Following Resection of Suspected Low-Grade Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer on Tumor Recurrence: SWOG S0337 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 2018. 319: 1880.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29801011

316.Bohle, A., et al. Single postoperative instillation of gemcitabine in patients with non-muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III multicentre study. Eur Urol, 2009. 56: 495.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19560257

317.Pode, D., et al. The mechanism of human bladder tumor implantation in an in vitro model. J Urol, 1986. 136: 482.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3525861

318.Bohle, A., et al. Inhibition of bladder carcinoma cell adhesion by oligopeptide combinations in vitro and in vivo. J Urol, 2002. 167: 357.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743356

319.Gofrit, O.N., et al. The natural history of bladder carcinoma in situ after initial response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy. Urol Oncol, 2009. 27: 258.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18440839

320.Karsh, L., et al. Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled Studies Evaluating Apaziquone (E09, Qapzola) Intravesical Instillation Post Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors for the Treatment of Low-risk Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer, 2018. 4: 293.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30112440

321.Oddens, J.R., et al. One immediate postoperative instillation of chemotherapy in low risk Ta, T1 bladder cancer patients. Is it always safe? Eur Urol, 2004. 46: 336.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15306104

322.Elmamoun, M.H., et al. Destruction of the bladder by single dose Mitomycin C for low-stage transitional cell carcinoma (TCC)--avoidance, recognition, management and consent. BJU Int, 2014. 113: E34.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24053461

323.Dunsmore, J., et al. What influences adherence to guidance for postoperative instillation of intravesical chemotherapy to patients with bladder cancer? BJU Int, 2021. 128: 225.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33450116

324.Tolley, D.A., et al. The effect of intravesical mitomycin C on recurrence of newly diagnosed superficial bladder cancer: a further report with 7 years of follow up. J Urol, 1996. 155: 1233.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8632538

325.Huncharek, M., et al. Impact of intravesical chemotherapy on recurrence rate of recurrent superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: results of a meta-analysis. Anticancer Res, 2001. 21: 765.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11299841

326.Bohle, A., et al. Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C in superficial bladder cancer: formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on tumor progression. Urology, 2004. 63: 682.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15072879

327.Sylvester, R.J., et al. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduces the risk of progression in patients with superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol, 2002. 168: 1964.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12394686

328.Malmstrom, P.U., et al. An individual patient data meta-analysis of the long-term outcome of randomised studies comparing intravesical mitomycin C versus bacillus Calmette-Guerin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Eur Urol, 2009. 56: 247.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19409692

329.Sylvester, R.J., et al. Long-term efficacy results of EORTC genito-urinary group randomized phase 3 study 30911 comparing intravesical instillations of epirubicin, bacillus Calmette-Guerin, and bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus isoniazid in patients with intermediate- and high-risk stage Ta T1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 766.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20034729

330.Shang, P.F., et al. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus epirubicin for Ta and T1 bladder cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2011: CD006885.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21563157

331.Khene, Z.E., et al. Gemcitabine vs Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for Intravesical Therapy in Treatment-Naive Low-Grade Intermediate-Risk Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Urol, 2025. 213: 730.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39929084

332.Bosschieter, J., et al. Value of an Immediate Intravesical Instillation of Mitomycin C in Patients with Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Prospective Multicentre Randomised Study in 2243 patients. Eur Urol, 2018. 73: 226.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28705539

333.Bouffioux, C., et al. Intravesical adjuvant chemotherapy for superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma: results of 2 European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer randomized trials with mitomycin C and doxorubicin comparing early versus delayed instillations and short-term versus long-term treatment. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group. J Urol, 1995. 153: 934.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7853578

334.Kaasinen, E., et al. Factors explaining recurrence in patients undergoing chemoimmunotherapy regimens for frequently recurring superficial bladder carcinoma. Eur Urol, 2002. 42: 167.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12160589

335.Sylvester, R.J., et al. The schedule and duration of intravesical chemotherapy in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a systematic review of the published results of randomized clinical trials. Eur Urol, 2008. 53: 709.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207317

336.Bosschieter, J., et al. An immediate, single intravesical instillation of mitomycin C is of benefit in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer irrespective of prognostic risk groups. Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 400 e7.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30064935

337.Elsawy, A.A., et al. The value of immediate postoperative intravesical epirubicin instillation as an adjunct to standard adjuvant treatment in intermediate and high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A preliminary results of randomized controlled trial. Urol Oncol, 2019. 37: 179 e9.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30448030

338.Tabayoyong, W.B., et al. Systematic Review on the Utilization of Maintenance Intravesical Chemotherapy in the Management of Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Focus, 2018. 4: 512.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30190111

339.Au, J.L., et al. Methods to improve efficacy of intravesical mitomycin C: results of a randomized phase III trial. J Natl Cancer Inst, 2001. 93: 597.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309436

340.Miyata, Y., et al. Intravesical mitomycin C (MMC) and MMC + cytosine arabinoside for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randomised clinical trial. BJU Int, 2022. 129: 534.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34383381

341.Myers, A.L., et al. Solubilization and Stability of Mitomycin C Solutions Prepared for Intravesical Administration. Drugs R D, 2017. 17: 297.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28470465

342.Giesbers, A.A., et al. Recurrence of superficial bladder carcinoma after intravesical instillation of mitomycin-C. Comparison of exposure times. Br J Urol, 1989. 63: 176.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2495144

343.Kuroda, M., et al. Effect of prophylactic treatment with intravesical epirubicin on recurrence of superficial bladder cancer--The 6th Trial of the Japanese Urological Cancer Research Group (JUCRG): a randomized trial of intravesical epirubicin at dose of 20mg/40ml, 30mg/40ml, 40mg/40ml. Eur Urol, 2004. 45: 600.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15082202

344.Zhao, H., et al. Intravesical Chemohyperthermia vs. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Instillation for Intermediate- and High-Risk Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Surg, 2021. 8: 775527.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34888347

345.Arends, T.J., et al. Combined chemohyperthermia: 10-year single center experience in 160 patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol, 2014. 192: 708.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24704017

346.Arends, T.J., et al. Results of a Randomised Controlled Trial Comparing Intravesical Chemohyperthermia with Mitomycin C Versus Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for Adjuvant Treatment of Patients with Intermediate- and High-risk Non-Muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol, 2016. 69: 1046.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26803476

347.Tan, W.S., et al. Adjuvant Intravesical Chemohyperthermia Versus Passive Chemotherapy in Patients with Intermediate-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer (HIVEC-II): A Phase 2, Open-label, Randomised Controlled Trial. Eur Urol, 2023. 83: 497.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35999119

348.Angulo, J.C., et al. Hyperthermic Mitomycin C in Intermediate-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Results of the HIVEC-1 Trial. Eur Urol Oncol, 2023. 6: 58.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36435738

349.Sachan, A., et al. A 3-arm randomized control trial to compare the efficacy of re-circulant hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy versus conventional intravesical mitomycin C and BCG therapy for intermediate-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. World J Urol, 2024. 42: 609.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39480527

350.Guerrero-Ramos, F., et al. Recirculating hyperthermic intravesical chemotherapy with mitomycin C (HIVEC) versus BCG in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: results of the HIVEC-HR randomized clinical trial. World J Urol, 2022. 40: 999.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35037963

351.Di Stasi, S.M., et al. Sequential BCG and electromotive mitomycin versus BCG alone for high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2006. 7: 43.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16389183

352.Shelley, M.D., et al. A systematic review of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus transurethral resection vs transurethral resection alone in Ta and T1 bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2001. 88: 209.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11488731

353.Han, R.F., et al. Can intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin reduce recurrence in patients with superficial bladder cancer? A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Urology, 2006. 67: 1216.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16765182

354.Shelley, M.D., et al. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin is superior to mitomycin C in reducing tumour recurrence in high-risk superficial bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. BJU Int, 2004. 93: 485.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15008714

355.Bohle, A., et al. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C for superficial bladder cancer: a formal meta-analysis of comparative studies on recurrence and toxicity. J Urol, 2003. 169: 90.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12478111

356.Duchek, M., et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin is superior to a combination of epirubicin and interferon-alpha2b in the intravesical treatment of patients with stage T1 urinary bladder cancer. A prospective, randomized, Nordic study. Eur Urol, 2010. 57: 25.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19819617

357.Jarvinen, R., et al. Long-term efficacy of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus maintenance mitomycin C instillation therapy in frequently recurrent TaT1 tumours without carcinoma in situ: a subgroup analysis of the prospective, randomised FinnBladder I study with a 20-year follow-up. Eur Urol, 2009. 56: 260.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19395154

358.Schmidt, S., et al. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C for Ta and T1 bladder cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2020. 1: CD011935.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31912907

359.Longoni, M., et al. Oncological Outcomes in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-naive High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review on Current Treatment Strategies and Future Perspectives. Eur Urol Oncol, 2025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40204534

360.Huncharek, M., et al. The influence of intravesical therapy on progression of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a metaanalytic comparison of chemotherapy versus bacilli Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy. Am J Clin Oncol, 2004. 27: 522.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15596924

361.Oddens, J.R., et al. The effect of age on the efficacy of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin relative to maintenance epirubicin in patients with stage Ta T1 urothelial bladder cancer: results from EORTC genito-urinary group study 30911. Eur Urol, 2014. 66: 694.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24948466

362.Miyake, M., et al. Outcomes of subsequent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin after radical nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. BJU Int, 2018. 121: 764.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29281857

363.Rentsch, C.A., et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin strain differences have an impact on clinical outcome in bladder cancer immunotherapy. Eur Urol, 2014. 66: 677.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24674149

364.Sengiku, A., et al. A prospective comparative study of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy with the Tokyo or Connaught strain for nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol, 2013. 190: 50.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23376145

365.Boehm, B.E., et al. Efficacy of bacillus Calmette-Guerin Strains for Treatment of Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. J Urol, 2017. 198: 503.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28286068

366.Unda-Urzaiz, M., et al. Safety and efficacy of various strains of bacille Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of bladder tumours in standard clinical practice. Actas Urol Esp (Engl Ed), 2018. 42: 238.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29295749

367.Steinberg, R.L., et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin strain may not effect recurrence-free survival when used intravesically with interferon-alpha2b for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol, 2017. 35: 201.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28041998

368.van der Meijden, A.P., et al. Maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for Ta T1 bladder tumors is not associated with increased toxicity: results from a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Group Phase III Trial. Eur Urol, 2003. 44: 429.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14499676

369.Larsen, E.S., et al. The epidemiology of bacille Calmette-Guerin infections after bladder instillation from 2002 through 2017: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. BJU Int, 2019. 124: 910.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31054198

370.Holmberg, L., et al. Cumulative incidence of and risk factors for BCG infection after adjuvant BCG instillations. BJU Int, 2024. 134: 229.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38403809

371.Brausi, M., et al. Side effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in the treatment of intermediate- and high-risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the bladder: results of the EORTC genito-urinary cancers group randomised phase 3 study comparing one-third dose with full dose and 1 year with 3 years of maintenance BCG. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 69.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23910233

372.Grimm, M.O., et al. Treatment of High-grade Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Carcinoma by Standard Number and Dose of BCG Instillations Versus Reduced Number and Standard Dose of BCG Instillations: Results of the European Association of Urology Research Foundation Randomised Phase III Clinical Trial “NIMBUS”. Eur Urol, 2020. 78: 690.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32446864

373.Shore, N.D., et al. Sasanlimab plus BCG in BCG-naive, high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: the randomized phase 3 CREST trial. Nat Med, 2025. 31: 2806.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40450141

374.Oddens, J.R., et al. Increasing age is not associated with toxicity leading to discontinuation of treatment in patients with urothelial non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer randomised to receive 3 years of maintenance bacille Calmette-Guerin: results from European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genito-Urinary Group study 30911. BJU Int, 2016. 118: 423.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26945890

375.Danielsson, G., et al. Bladder health in patients treated with BCG instillations for T1G2-G3 bladder cancer - a follow-up five years after the start of treatment. Scand J Urol, 2018. 52: 377.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30616479

376.Herr, H.W. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin outcomes in patients with bladder cancer and asymptomatic bacteriuria. J Urol, 2012. 187: 435.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22177154

377.Colombel, M., et al. The effect of ofloxacin on bacillus calmette-guerin induced toxicity in patients with superficial bladder cancer: results of a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo controlled, multicenter study. J Urol, 2006. 176: 935.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16890660

378.Damiano, R., et al. Short-term administration of prulifloxacin in patients with nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer: an effective option for the prevention of bacillus Calmette-Guerin-induced toxicity? BJU Int, 2009. 104: 633.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19298412

379.Numakura, K., et al. Effect of Levofloxacin on the Efficacy and Adverse Events in Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Treatment for Bladder Cancer: Results of a Randomized, Prospective, Multicenter Study. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 1666.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35717522

380.Wong, C.H., et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Clinical Impact of Prophylactic Quinolones with Adjuvant Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Instillation for Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 2025. 8: 571.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39880747

381.Lamm, D.L., et al. Incidence and treatment of complications of bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical therapy in superficial bladder cancer. J Urol, 1992. 147: 596.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1538436

382.Messing, E.M. BCG in Immunocompromised Patients: Is it effective? Is it safe? Bladder Cancer, 2024. 10: 89.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38993531

383.Palou, J., et al. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer in renal transplant patients. Transplantation, 2003. 76: 1514.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657696

384.Yossepowitch, O., et al. Safety and efficacy of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin instillations in steroid treated and immunocompromised patients. J Urol, 2006. 176: 482.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16813873

385.Roumeguere, T., et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin therapy in non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma after renal transplantation for end-stage aristolochic acid nephropathy. Transpl Int, 2015. 28: 199.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25377421

386.Jue, J.S., et al. Risk factors, management, and survival of bladder cancer after kidney transplantation. Actas Urol Esp (Engl Ed), 2021. 45: 427.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34147429

387.Mori, K., et al. Low compliance to guidelines in nonmuscle-invasive bladder carcinoma: A systematic review. Urol Oncol, 2020. 38: 774.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32654948

388.Thoft Jensen, B., et al. EAUN Guidelines on Intravesical instillation with mitomycin C and bacillus Calmette-Guérin in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. 2026.
https://nurses.uroweb.org/guidelines

389.Witjes JA, P.J., Soloway M, et al. . Clinical practice recommendations for the prevention and management of intravesical therapy-associated adverse events. Eur Urol Suppl, 2008. 7: 667.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1569905608001103

390.Palou, J., et al. Intravesical treatment of severe bacillus Calmette-Guerin cystitis. Int Urol Nephrol, 2001. 33: 485.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12230277

391.Falkensammer, C., et al. Late occurrence of bilateral tuberculous-like epididymo-orchitis after intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin therapy for superficial bladder carcinoma. Urology, 2005. 65: 175.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15667898

392.Tinazzi, E., et al. Reactive arthritis following BCG immunotherapy for urinary bladder carcinoma: a systematic review. Rheumatol Int, 2006. 26: 481.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16220289

393.Sun, K., et al. Mirabegron improves the irritative symptoms caused by BCG immunotherapy after transurethral resection of bladder tumors. Cancer Med, 2021. 10: 7534.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34547193

394.Chen, Z., et al. Comparison of treatments for preventing lower urinary tract symptoms after BCG immunotherapy of bladder tumors : a systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMC Urol, 2025. 25: 19.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39875945

395.European Medicines Agency. Disabling and potentially permanent side effects lead to suspension or restrictions of quinolone and fluoroquinolone antibiotics. 2019. 2022.
https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/referrals/quinolone-fluoroquinolone-containing-medicinal-products

396.Bonkat, G., et al. EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections. Edn. presented at the 41st EAU Annual Congress London 2026, 2026.
https://uroweb.org/guidelines/urological-infections

397.Perez-Jacoiste Asin, M.A., et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) infection following intravesical BCG administration as adjunctive therapy for bladder cancer: incidence, risk factors, and outcome in a single-institution series and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore), 2014. 93: 236.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25398060

398.Durek, C., et al. The fate of bacillus Calmette-Guerin after intravesical instillation. J Urol, 2001. 165: 1765.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11342972

399.Morales, A., et al. Intracavitary Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of superficial bladder tumors. J Urol, 1976. 116: 180.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/820877

400.Lamm, D.L., et al. Maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recurrent TA, T1 and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a randomized Southwest Oncology Group Study. J Urol, 2000. 163: 1124.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10737480

401.Martinez-Pineiro, L., et al. Maintenance Therapy with 3-monthly Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for 3 Years is Not Superior to Standard Induction Therapy in High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Urothelial Bladder Carcinoma: Final Results of Randomised CUETO Study 98013. Eur Urol, 2015. 68: 256.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25794457

402.Oddens, J., et al. Final results of an EORTC-GU cancers group randomized study of maintenance bacillus Calmette-Guerin in intermediate- and high-risk Ta, T1 papillary carcinoma of the urinary bladder: one-third dose versus full dose and 1 year versus 3 years of maintenance. Eur Urol, 2013. 63: 462.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23141049

403.Martinez-Pineiro, J.A., et al. Long-term follow-up of a randomized prospective trial comparing a standard 81 mg dose of intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin with a reduced dose of 27 mg in superficial bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2002. 89: 671.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11966623

404.Martinez-Pineiro, J.A., et al. Has a 3-fold decreased dose of bacillus Calmette-Guerin the same efficacy against recurrences and progression of T1G3 and Tis bladder tumors than the standard dose? Results of a prospective randomized trial. J Urol, 2005. 174: 1242.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16145378

405.Ojea, A., et al. A multicentre, randomised prospective trial comparing three intravesical adjuvant therapies for intermediate-risk superficial bladder cancer: low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin (27 mg) versus very low-dose bacillus Calmette-Guerin (13.5 mg) versus mitomycin C. Eur Urol, 2007. 52: 1398.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17485161

406.Choi, S.Y., et al. Low-dose versus standard-dose bacille Calmette-Guerin for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Investig Clin Urol, 2022. 63: 140.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35244987

407.Solsona, E., et al. Sequential combination of mitomycin C plus bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is more effective but more toxic than BCG alone in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer in intermediate- and high-risk patients: final outcome of CUETO 93009, a randomized prospective trial. Eur Urol, 2015. 67: 508.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25301758

408.Cui, J., et al. Combination of Intravesical Chemotherapy and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Versus Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Monotherapy in Intermediate- and High-risk Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 2016. 95: e2572.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26817914

409.Huang, D., et al. Combination of Intravesical Bacille Calmette-Guerin and Chemotherapy vs. Bacille Calmette-Guerin Alone in Non-muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Front Oncol, 2019. 9: 121.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30881921

410.Shepherd, A.R., et al. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin with interferon-alpha versus intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for treating non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2017. 3: CD012112.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28268259

411.Jarvinen, R., et al. Long-term outcome of patients with frequently recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder carcinoma treated with one perioperative plus four weekly instillations of mitomycin C followed by monthly bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or alternating BCG and interferon-alpha2b instillations: prospective randomised FinnBladder-4 study. Eur Urol, 2015. 68: 611.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25748117

412.Marttila, T., et al. Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Versus Combination of Epirubicin and Interferon-alpha2a in Reducing Recurrence of Non-Muscle-invasive Bladder Carcinoma: FinnBladder-6 Study. Eur Urol, 2016. 70: 341.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27085624

413.Delto, J. Preclinical analyses of intravesical chemotherapy for prevention of bladder cancer.Oncotarget, 2013. 2: 269.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23563166/

414.Steinberg, R.L., et al. Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel for the Salvage Treatment of Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Bladder Cancer, 2015. 1: 65.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30561441

415.McElree, I.M., et al. Sequential Intravesical Valrubicin and Docetaxel for the Salvage Treatment of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Urol, 2022. 208: 969.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35830552

416.Steinberg, R.L., et al. Multi-Institution Evaluation of Sequential Gemcitabine and Docetaxel as Rescue Therapy for Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Urol, 2020. 203: 902.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31821066

417.Taylor, J., et al. Oncologic Outcomes of Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel Compared with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in Patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-Unresponsive Non-Muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Oncol, 2025. 8: 469.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39694798

418.Steinberg, R.L., et al. Intravesical sequential gemcitabine and docetaxel versus bacillus calmette-guerin (BCG) plus interferon in patients with recurrent non-muscle invasive bladder cancer following a single induction course of BCG. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 9 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34092482

419.McElree, I.M., et al. Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel for bacillus Calmette-Guerin-Naive High-Risk Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Urol, 2022. 208: 589.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35892270

420.Kolanukuduru, K.P., et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin and Sequential Intravesical Gemcitabine and Docetaxel for Treatment-naive Intermediate-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Focus, 2025. 11: 142.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39306526

421.Maas, M., et al. PD-L1 Expression in High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Is Influenced by Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) Therapy. Cancers (Basel), 2024. 16.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38611034

422.De Santis, M., et al. Durvalumab in combination with BCG for BCG-naive, high-risk, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (POTOMAC): final analysis of a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet, 2025. 406: 2221.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41115436

423.Roupret, M., et al. ALBAN (GETUG-AFU 37): a phase III, randomized, open-label international trial of intravenous atezolizumab and intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) versus BCG alone in BCG-naive high-risk, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Ann Oncol, 2025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/41110692

424.Di Stasi, S.M., et al. Electromotive instillation of mitomycin immediately before transurethral resection for patients with primary urothelial non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol, 2011. 12: 871.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21831711

425.Carrion, D.M., et al. The benefit of a neoadjuvant instillation of chemotherapy in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: Interim analysis of the PRECAVE randomized clinical trial. Arch Esp Urol, 2021. 74: 883.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34726625

426.Lee, H.W., et al. Clinical Efficacy of Neoadjuvant Intravesical Mitomycin-C Therapy Immediately Before Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor in Patients With Nonmuscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: Preliminary Results of a Prospective, Randomized Phase II Study. J Urol, 2023. 209: 131.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36250938

427.Popert, R.J., et al. Superficial bladder cancer: the response of a marker tumour to a single intravesical instillation of epirubicin. Br J Urol, 1994. 74: 195.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7921938

428.Mostafid, A.H., et al. CALIBER: a phase II randomized feasibility trial of chemoablation with mitomycin-C vs surgical management in low-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2020. 125: 817.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32124514

429.Lindgren, M.S., et al. DaBlaCa-13 Study: Oncological Outcome of Short-Term, Intensive Chemoresection With Mitomycin in Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Primary Outcome of a Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Oncol, 2023. 41: 206.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36223555

430.Prasad, S.M., et al. Treatment of Low-grade Intermediate-risk Nonmuscle-invasive Bladder Cancer With UGN-102 +/- Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor Compared to Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor Monotherapy: A Randomized, Controlled, Phase 3 Trial (ATLAS). J Urol, 2023. 210: 619.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37548555

431.Prasad, S.M., et al. Primary Chemoablation of Recurrent Low-Grade Intermediate-Risk Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer With UGN-102: A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Phase 3 Trial (ENVISION). J Urol, 2024: 101097JU0000000000004296.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39446087

432.Yanagisawa, T., et al. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Chemoablation for Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol Focus, 2023. 9: 463.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36517409

433.Moschini, M., et al. Comparing long-term outcomes of primary and progressive carcinoma invading bladder muscle after radical cystectomy. BJU Int, 2016. 117: 604.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25851271

434.Schrier, B.P., et al. Prognosis of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: difference between primary and progressive tumours and implications for therapy. Eur Urol, 2004. 45: 292.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15036673

435.Kamat, A.M., et al. The case for early cystectomy in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive micropapillary bladder carcinoma. J Urol, 2006. 175: 881.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16469571

436.Scilipoti, P., et al. Outcomes of BCG vs upfront radical cystectomy for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2025. 136: 47.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39967051

437.Tillu, N., et al. Long-term multicentre analysis of robot-assisted radical cystectomy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2025. 136: 545.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39980082

438.Raj, G.V., et al. Treatment paradigm shift may improve survival of patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer. J Urol, 2007. 177: 1283.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17382713

439.Stein, J.P., et al. Radical cystectomy in the treatment of invasive bladder cancer: long-term results in 1,054 patients. J Clin Oncol, 2001. 19: 666.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157016

440.Hautmann, R.E., et al. Radical cystectomy for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy: long-term results in 1100 patients. Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 1039.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22381169

441.Shariat, S.F., et al. Outcomes of radical cystectomy for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a contemporary series from the Bladder Cancer Research Consortium. J Urol, 2006. 176: 2414.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17085118

442.Longoni, M., et al. Contemporary outcomes in non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a large European multicentre study. BJU Int, 2025.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40400172

443.Rieken, M., et al. Long-term cancer-specific outcomes of TaG1 urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Eur Urol, 2014. 65: 201.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23998688

444.Scilipoti, P., et al. The Role of Mitomycin C in Intermediate-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Oncol, 2024.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38902138

445.Subiela, J.D., et al. Unlocking the Potential of Adequate Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Immunotherapy in Very-high-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Carcinoma: A Multicenter Analysis of Oncological Outcomes and Risk Dynamics. Eur Urol Oncol, 2024. 7: 1367.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38355375

446.Jakse, G., et al. Intravesical BCG in patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder: long-term results of EORTC GU Group phase II protocol 30861. Eur Urol, 2001. 40: 144.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11528191

447.Sylvester, R.J., et al. Bacillus calmette-guerin versus chemotherapy for the intravesical treatment of patients with carcinoma in situ of the bladder: a meta-analysis of the published results of randomized clinical trials. J Urol, 2005. 174: 86.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15947584

448.Kaasinen, E., et al. Seventeen-year follow-up of the prospective randomized Nordic CIS study: BCG monotherapy versus alternating therapy with mitomycin C and BCG in patients with carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Scand J Urol, 2016. 50: 360.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27603424

449.Solsona, E., et al. Extravesical involvement in patients with bladder carcinoma in situ: biological and therapy implications. J Urol, 1996. 155: 895.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8583601

450.Sylvester, R.J., et al. High-grade Ta urothelial carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. Urology, 2005. 66: 90.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16399418

451.Palou, J., et al. Urothelial carcinoma of the prostate. Urology, 2007. 69: 50.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17280908

452.Palou Redorta, J., et al. Intravesical instillations with bacillus calmette-guerin for the treatment of carcinoma in situ involving prostatic ducts. Eur Urol, 2006. 49: 834.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16426729

453.Herr, H.W., et al. BCG-refractory vs. BCG-relapsing non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a prospective cohort outcomes study. Urol Oncol, 2015. 33: 108 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25813144

454.Solsona, E., et al. The 3-month clinical response to intravesical therapy as a predictive factor for progression in patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer. J Urol, 2000. 164: 685.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10953125

455.Lerner, S.P., et al. Failure to achieve a complete response to induction BCG therapy is associated with increased risk of disease worsening and death in patients with high risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Urol Oncol, 2009. 27: 155.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18367117

456.Kamat, A.M., et al. Definitions, End Points, and Clinical Trial Designs for Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Recommendations From the International Bladder Cancer Group. J Clin Oncol, 2016. 34: 1935.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26811532

457.U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration. BCG-Unresponsive Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer: Developing Drugs and Biologics for Treatment Guidance for Industry. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER). . Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), 2018.
https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Drugs/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/Guidances/UCM529600.pdf

458.Roumiguie, M., et al. International Bladder Cancer Group Consensus Statement on Clinical Trial Design for Patients with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-exposed High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol, 2022. 82: 34.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34955291

459.Gallagher, B.L., et al. Impact of previous bacille Calmette-Guerin failure pattern on subsequent response to bacille Calmette-Guerin plus interferon intravesical therapy. Urology, 2008. 71: 297.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18308107

460.Herr, H.W., et al. Defining bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory superficial bladder tumors. J Urol, 2003. 169: 1706.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12686813

461.van den Bosch, S., et al. Long-term cancer-specific survival in patients with high-risk, non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer and tumour progression: a systematic review. Eur Urol, 2011. 60: 493.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21664041

462.Cockerill, P.A., et al. Intravesical gemcitabine in combination with mitomycin C as salvage treatment in recurrent non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2016. 117: 456.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25682834

463.Barlow, L., et al. A single-institution experience with induction and maintenance intravesical docetaxel in the management of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer refractory to bacille Calmette-Guerin therapy. BJU Int, 2009. 104: 1098.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19389012

464.Jones, G., et al. Intravesical gemcitabine for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2012. 1: CD009294.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22259002

465.Nativ, O., et al. Combined thermo-chemotherapy for recurrent bladder cancer after bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Urol, 2009. 182: 1313.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19683278

466.Racioppi, M., et al. ElectroMotive drug administration (EMDA) of Mitomycin C as first-line salvage therapy in high risk “BCG failure” non muscle invasive bladder cancer: 3 years follow-up outcomes. BMC Cancer, 2018. 18: 1224.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30522445

467.Tan, W.S., et al. Radiofrequency-induced Thermo-chemotherapy Effect Versus a Second Course of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin or Institutional Standard in Patients with Recurrence of Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Following Induction or Maintenance Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy (HYMN): A Phase III, Open-label, Randomised Controlled Trial. Eur Urol, 2019. 75: 63.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30274699

468.Morales, A., et al. Efficacy and safety of MCNA in patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer at high risk for recurrence and progression after failed treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guerin. J Urol, 2015. 193: 1135.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25286009

469.Joudi, F.N., et al. Final results from a national multicenter phase II trial of combination bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus interferon alpha-2B for reducing recurrence of superficial bladder cancer. Urol Oncol, 2006. 24: 344.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16818189

470.Wright, K.M. FDA Approves Pembrolizumab for BCG-Unresponsive NMIBC. Oncology (Williston Park), 2020. 34: 44.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32645193

471.Black, P.C., et al. Phase 2 Trial of Atezolizumab in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-unresponsive High-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer: SWOG S1605. Eur Urol, 2023. 84: 536.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37596191

472.Hahn, N.M., et al. A Phase 1 Trial of Durvalumab in Combination with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) or External Beam Radiation Therapy in Patients with BCG-unresponsive Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: The Hoosier Cancer Research Network GU16-243 ADAPT-BLADDER Study. Eur Urol, 2023. 83: 486.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36717286

473.Shore, N.D., et al. Intravesical rAd-IFNalpha/Syn3 for Patients With High-Grade, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-Refractory or Relapsed Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: A Phase II Randomized Study. J Clin Oncol, 2017. 35: 3410.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28834453

474.Packiam, V.T., et al. An open label, single-arm, phase II multicenter study of the safety and efficacy of CG0070 oncolytic vector regimen in patients with BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: Interim results. Urol Oncol, 2018. 36: 440.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28755959

475.Hassler, M.R., et al. Salvage therapeutic strategies for bacillus Calmette-Guerin failure. Curr Opin Urol, 2019. 29: 239.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30762670

476.Daneshmand, S., et al. TAR-200 for Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-Unresponsive High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Results From the Phase IIb SunRISe-1 Study. J Clin Oncol, 2025: JCO2501651.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40737582

477.Kamat, A.M., et al. Evidence-based Assessment of Current and Emerging Bladder-sparing Therapies for Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer After Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Eur Urol Oncol, 2020. 3: 318.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32201133

478.Li, R., et al. Systematic Review of the Therapeutic Efficacy of Bladder-preserving Treatments for Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Following Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Eur Urol, 2020. 78: 387.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32143924

479.D’Andrea, D., et al. Unmet Need in Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Failing Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Therapy: A Systematic Review and Cost-effectiveness Analyses from the International Bladder Cancer Group. Eur Urol Oncol, 2025. 8: 216.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39550339

480.Gunelli, R., et al. Activity of endovesical gemcitabine in BCG-refractory bladder cancer patients: a translational study. Br J Cancer, 2007. 97: 1499.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17987035

481.Shantharam, G., et al. Intravesical docetaxel for high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer after Bacillus Calmette-Guerin failure. Curr Urol, 2021. 15: 33.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34084119

482.Yim, K., et al. Sequential intravesical gemcitabine/docetaxel provides a durable remission in recurrent high-risk NMIBC following BCG therapy. Urol Oncol, 2023. 41: 458 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37690933

483.Pijpers, O.M., et al. Intravesical gemcitabine and docetaxel in patients with recurrent high-grade nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer-A prospective cohort study. Urol Oncol, 2025. 43: 520 e1.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40328561

484.Boorjian, S.A., et al. Intravesical nadofaragene firadenovec gene therapy for BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a single-arm, open-label, repeat-dose clinical trial. Lancet Oncol, 2021. 22: 107.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33253641

485.Narayan, V.M., et al. Efficacy of Intravesical Nadofaragene Firadenovec for Patients With Bacillus Calmette-Guerin-Unresponsive Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: 5-Year Follow-Up From a Phase 3 Trial. J Urol, 2024. 212: 74.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38704840

486.Chamie, K., et al. IL-15 Superagonist NAI in BCG-Unresponsive Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. NEJM Evid, 2023. 2: EVIDoa2200167.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38320011

487.Chamie, K., et al. Quality of Life in the Phase 2/3 Trial of N-803 Plus Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in Bacillus Calmette-Guerin‒Unresponsive Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Urol Pract, 2024. 11: 367.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38226931

488.Balar, A.V., et al. Pembrolizumab monotherapy for the treatment of high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer unresponsive to BCG (KEYNOTE-057): an open-label, single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol, 2021. 22: 919.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34051177

489.Necchi, A., et al. Pembrolizumab monotherapy for high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer without carcinoma in situ and unresponsive to BCG (KEYNOTE-057): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol, 2024. 25: 720.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38740030

490.Catto, J.W.F., et al. Erdafitinib in BCG-treated high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Ann Oncol, 2024. 35: 98.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37871701

491.Li, R., et al. Oncolytic adenoviral therapy plus pembrolizumab in BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: the phase 2 CORE-001 trial. Nat Med, 2024. 30: 2216.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38844794

492.Taylor, J.I., et al. Long-term outcomes of bladder-sparing therapy vs radical cystectomy in BCG-unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2025. 135: 260.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39183466

493.Rosevear, H.M., et al. Factors affecting response to bacillus Calmette-Guerin plus interferon for urothelial carcinoma in situ. J Urol, 2011. 186: 817.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21788050

494.Steinberg, G., et al. Efficacy and safety of valrubicin for the treatment of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin refractory carcinoma in situ of the bladder. The Valrubicin Study Group. J Urol, 2000. 163: 761.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10687972

495.Dinney, C.P., et al. Intravesical valrubicin in patients with bladder carcinoma in situ and contraindication to or failure after bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Urol Oncol, 2013. 31: 1635.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22575238

496.Wayment, R.O., et al. Second opinion pathology in tertiary care of patients with urologic malignancies. Urol Oncol, 2011. 29: 194.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19523859

497.Luchey, A.M., et al. Change in Management Based on Pathologic Second Opinion Among Bladder Cancer Patients Presenting to a Comprehensive Cancer Center: Implications for Clinical Practice. Urology, 2016. 93: 130.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27041469

498.Soukup, V., et al. Follow-up after surgical treatment of bladder cancer: a critical analysis of the literature. Eur Urol, 2012. 62: 290.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22609313

499.Gofrit, O.N., et al. Watchful waiting policy in recurrent Ta G1 bladder tumors. Eur Urol, 2006. 49: 303.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16413659

500.Ma, J., et al. Long-term Recurrence Rates of Low-risk Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer-How Long Is Cystoscopic Surveillance Necessary? Eur Urol Focus, 2024. 10: 189.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37442722

501.Villegas, E., et al. Long-Term Recurrence Risk, Metastatic Potential, and Length of Cystoscopic Surveillance of Low-Grade Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Urol, 2025. 213: 295.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39470318

502.Shah, C.P., et al. The Value of Negative Urinary Dipstick Tests for Haematuria in Patients Undergoing Surveillance for Low-grade Ta Urothelial Cancer: A Two-stage Prospective Clinical Study in 524 Patients. Eur Urol Open Sci, 2024. 60: 24.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38375346

503.Olsen, L.H., et al. Prolonging follow-up intervals for non-invasive bladder tumors: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl, 1995. 172: 33.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8578253

504.Mariappan, P., et al. The Scottish Bladder Cancer Quality Performance Indicators Influencing Outcomes, Prognosis, and Surveillance (Scot BC Quality OPS) Clinical Project. Eur Urol Focus, 2021. 7: 905.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34419380

505.Holmang, S., et al. Should follow-up cystoscopy in bacillus Calmette-Guerin-treated patients continue after five tumour-free years? Eur Urol, 2012. 61: 503.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22119022

506.Wu, Z., et al. Double-J stenting during TURBT increases risk of metachronous upper tract urothelial carcinoma. BMC Urol, 2025. 25: 146.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40457308

507.Subiela, J.D., et al. Long-term Recurrence and Progression Patterns in a Contemporary Series of Patients with Carcinoma In Situ of the Bladder With or Without Associated Ta/T1 Disease Treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin: Implications for Risk-adapted Follow-up. Eur Urol Focus, 2023. 9: 325.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36163105

508.Herr, H.W. Extravesical tumor relapse in patients with superficial bladder tumors. J Clin Oncol, 1998. 16: 1099.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9508196

509.Haggstrom, C., et al. Risk of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma after primary non-muscle-invasive urinary bladder cancer: A nationwide population-based cohort study. BJUI Compass, 2025. 6: e70021.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40329969

510.Sari Motlagh, R., et al. Surveillance of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer with blue-light cystoscopy: a meta-analysis. BJU Int, 2024. 134: 526.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38658172

511.Babjuk, M., et al. Urinary cytology and quantitative BTA and UBC tests in surveillance of patients with pTapT1 bladder urothelial carcinoma. Urology, 2008. 71: 718.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18387400

512.Niwa, N., et al. Comparison of outcomes between ultrasonography and cystoscopy in the surveillance of patients with initially diagnosed TaG1-2 bladder cancers: A matched-pair analysis. Urol Oncol, 2015. 33: 386 e15.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26027764

513.Farahani, S.J., et al. Impact of implementing the first edition of the Paris system for reporting: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytopathology, 2024. 35: 616.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38934101

514.van Rhijn, B.W., et al. Urine markers for bladder cancer surveillance: a systematic review. Eur Urol, 2005. 47: 736.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15925067

515.Cancel-Tassin, G., et al. Assessment of Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor test performance for the detection of recurrence during non-muscle invasive bladder cancer follow-up. World J Urol, 2021. 39: 3329.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33770241

516.Cowan, B., et al. Longitudinal follow-up and performance validation of an mRNA-based urine test (Xpert((R)) Bladder Cancer Monitor ) for surveillance in patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BJU Int, 2021. 128: 713.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33793062

517.van Osch, F.H.M., et al. Patients choose certainty over burden in bladder cancer surveillance. World J Urol, 2019. 37: 2747.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30903352

518.Roupret, M., et al. Reducing the Frequency of Follow-up Cystoscopy in Low-grade pTa Non-muscle-invasive Bladder Cancer Using the ADXBLADDER Biomarker. Eur Urol Focus, 2022. 8: 1643.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35300937

519.Fasulo, V., et al. Xpert Bladder Cancer Monitor May Avoid Cystoscopies in Patients Under “Active Surveillance” for Recurrent Bladder Cancer (BIAS Project): Longitudinal Cohort Study. Front Oncol, 2022. 12: 832835.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35155263

520.Pierconti, F., et al. The bladder epicheck test and cytology in the follow-up of patients with non-muscle-invasive high grade bladder carcinoma. Urol Oncol, 2022. 40: 108 e19.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34903453

521.Kavalieris, L., et al. Performance Characteristics of a Multigene Urine Biomarker Test for Monitoring for Recurrent Urothelial Carcinoma in a Multicenter Study. J Urol, 2017. 197: 1419.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27986532

522.Kravchuk, A.P., et al. Urine-Based Biomarker Test Uromonitor((R)) in the Detection and Disease Monitoring of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Test Performance. Cancers (Basel), 2024. 16.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38398144

523.Ramos, P., et al. Uromonitor: Clinical Validation and Performance Assessment of a Urinary Biomarker Within the Surveillance of Patients With Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. J Urol, 2025. 213: 304.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39561374

524.Ward, D.G., et al. Highly Sensitive and Specific Detection of Bladder Cancer via Targeted Ultra-deep Sequencing of Urinary DNA. Eur Urol Oncol, 2023. 6: 67.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35410825

525.Nayak, A., et al. Quality of life in patients undergoing surveillance for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer-a systematic review. Transl Androl Urol, 2021. 10: 2737.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34295759

526.Public Health England. Living with and beyond bladder cancer - A descriptive summary of responses to a pilot of Patient Reported Outcome Measures for bladder cancer. 2015.
https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/proms-bladder-cancer.pdf

527.Mason, S.J., et al. Evaluating patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for bladder cancer: a systematic review using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklist. BJU Int, 2018. 122: 760.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29726085

528.Rutherford, C., et al. Development and psychometric evaluation of a patient-reported symptom index for patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: the NMIBC-SI. J Patient Rep Outcomes, 2025. 9: 36.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40146452

529.Stover, A.M., et al. Perceived Impact on Patient Routines/Responsibilities for Surgery and a Nonsurgical Primary Treatment Option in Recurrent Low-Grade Intermediate-Risk Nonmuscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: Findings From the ENVISION Phase 3 Trial. J Urol, 2025. 214: 18.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/40048558

530.Mariappan, P. Propensity for Quality: No Longer a Tenuous Proposition in Bladder Cancer. Eur Urol, 2020. 78: 60.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32444262

531.Akand, M., et al. Quality Control Indicators for Transurethral Resection of Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer, 2019. 17: e784.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31097388

532.Khare, S.R., et al. Quality indicators in the management of bladder cancer: A modified Delphi study. Urol Oncol, 2017. 35: 328.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28065393

533.Leow, J.J., et al. Quality Indicators for Bladder Cancer Services: A Collaborative Review. Eur Urol, 2020. 78: 43.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31563501

534.NHS National Services Scotland. Bladder Cancer Quality Performance Indicators - Patients diagnosed between April 2014 and March 2017. 2018.
https://www.isdscotland.org/Health-Topics/Quality-Indicators/Publications/2018-08-28/2018-08-28-Bladder-QPI-Report.pdf?774782897]

535.Scottish Cancer Strategic Board, et al. Bladder Cancer Clinical Quality Performance Indicators. 2024.
https://www.healthcareimprovementscotland.scot/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/CQPI-Bladder-Cancer-November-2024.pdf

536.Garg, T., et al. “Faith and a sunny day”: Association of patient frailty with strain experienced by informal caregivers of older adults with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. J Geriatr Oncol, 2024. 15: 102060.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39244892

537.Contieri, R., et al. Deintensification of Treatment for Low-grade Bladder Tumors: A Collaborative Review by the International Bladder Cancer Group (IBCG). Eur Urol Oncol, 2025. 8: 179.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39218742

538.Fenning, S.J., et al. Realistic Medicine: Changing culture and practice in the delivery of health and social care. Patient Educ Couns, 2019. 102: 1751.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31301921

539.Contieri, R., et al. Oncological Outcomes for Patients with European Association of Urology Very High-risk Non-muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin or Early Radical Cystectomy. Eur Urol Oncol, 2023. 6: 590.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37558542

Not found